Londra
Article
May 16, 2022

Londra è la capitale e la città più grande dell'Inghilterra e del Regno Unito. In piedi sul fiume Tamigi nel sud-est dell'Inghilterra alla testa di un estuario di 50 miglia (80 km) fino al Mare del Nord, è stato un importante insediamento per due millenni. La City di Londra, suo antico nucleo e centro finanziario, fu fondata dai romani come Londinium e conserva i confini vicini a quelli medievali. Dal XIX secolo, "Londra" si riferisce anche alla metropoli attorno a questo nucleo, storicamente diviso tra le contee di Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent e Hertfordshire, che costituisce in gran parte la Greater London, la regione governata dalla Greater London Authority . La City of Westminster, a ovest della City, ospita da secoli il governo e il parlamento nazionale. Londra, come una delle città globali del mondo, esercita una forte influenza sulle sue arti, commercio, istruzione, intrattenimento, moda, finanza, assistenza sanitaria, media, turismo e comunicazioni. Il suo PIL (801,66 miliardi di euro nel 2017) la rende la più grande economia urbana d'Europa e uno dei maggiori centri finanziari del mondo. Nel 2019 ha avuto il secondo numero più alto di individui con un patrimonio netto ultra elevato in Europa dopo Parigi e il secondo numero più alto di miliardari di qualsiasi città europea dopo Mosca. Con la più grande concentrazione europea di istituti di istruzione superiore, comprende l'Imperial College di Londra nelle scienze naturali e applicate, la London School of Economics nelle scienze sociali e l'ampio University College di Londra. La città ospita la maggior parte degli hotel a 5 stelle di qualsiasi città del mondo. Nel 2012, Londra è diventata la prima città ad ospitare tre Olimpiadi estive. Le diverse culture di Londra significano che si parlano oltre 300 lingue. La popolazione di metà 2018 della Greater London di circa 9 milioni, l'ha resa la terza città più popolosa d'Europa. Rappresenta il 13,4 per cento della popolazione del Regno Unito. La Greater London Built-up Area è la quarta più popolosa d'Europa, dopo Istanbul, Mosca e Parigi, con 9.787.426 abitanti al censimento del 2011. L'area metropolitana di Londra è la terza più popolosa d'Europa dopo Istanbul e Mosca, con 14.040.163 abitanti nel 2016. Londra copre quattro siti del patrimonio mondiale: la Torre di Londra; Giardini di Kew; il Palazzo di Westminster insieme all'Abbazia di Westminster e alla Chiesa di St Margaret, e lo storico insediamento a Greenwich, dove il Royal Observatory, Greenwich definisce il Primo Meridiano (0° di longitudine) e l'Ora di Greenwich. Altri punti di riferimento includono Buckingham Palace, il London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, la Cattedrale di St Paul, il Tower Bridge e Trafalgar Square. Ha numerosi musei, gallerie, biblioteche e impianti sportivi, tra cui il British Museum, la National Gallery, il Museo di Storia Naturale, la Tate Modern, la British Library ei teatri del West End. La metropolitana di Londra è il più antico sistema di trasporto rapido al mondo.
Toponomastica
Londra è un nome antico, già attestato nel I secolo dC, solitamente nella forma latinizzata Londinium; ad esempio, le tavolette manoscritte romane rinvenute nella città a partire dal 65/70-80 d.C. includono la parola Londinio ('a Londra'). Nel corso degli anni, il nome ha attirato molte spiegazioni mitizzanti. La prima attestata appare nella Historia Regum Britanniae di Geoffrey di Monmouth, scritta intorno al 1136. Le moderne analisi scientifiche del nome devono spiegare le origini delle diverse forme trovate nelle prime fonti: latino (di solito Londinium), inglese antico (di solito Lunden) e gallese (solitamente Llundein), con riferimento agli sviluppi noti nel tempo dei suoni in quelle diverse lingue. È convenuto che il nome è venuto in queste lingue dal Brythonic comune; lavori recenti tendono a ricostruire la forma celtica perduta del nome come *Londonjon o qualcosa di simile. Questo è stato adattato in latino come Londinium e preso in prestito in inglese antico. La toponomastica della forma Brythonic comune è dibattuta. Di rilievo era l'argomentazione di Richard Coates del 1998 secondo cui derivava dall'antico europeo preceltico *(p)lowonida, che significaTitoli di articoli correlati
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