Douglas MacArthur
Article
January 30, 2023

Douglas MacArthur (26 gennaio 1880-5 aprile 1964) è stato un capo militare americano che ha servito come generale dell'esercito per gli Stati Uniti, nonché un feldmaresciallo dell'esercito filippino. Fu capo di stato maggiore dell'esercito degli Stati Uniti durante gli anni '30 e svolse un ruolo di primo piano nel teatro del Pacifico durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Macarthur ha ricevuto la Medal of Honor per il suo servizio nella campagna delle Filippine. Questo ha reso lui e suo padre Arthur MacArthur Jr. il primo padre e figlio a ricevere la medaglia. Fu uno dei soli cinque a salire al grado di generale dell'esercito nell'esercito degli Stati Uniti e l'unico a conferire il grado di feldmaresciallo nell'esercito filippino. Cresciuto in una famiglia di militari nel vecchio West americano, MacArthur è stato valedictorian presso l'Accademia militare del Texas occidentale, dove ha terminato il liceo, e primo capitano presso l'Accademia militare degli Stati Uniti a West Point, dove si è laureato primo della classe nel 1903. Durante l'occupazione degli Stati Uniti del 1914 di Veracruz, condusse una missione di ricognizione, per la quale fu nominato per la Medaglia d'Onore. Nel 1917 fu promosso da maggiore a colonnello e divenne capo di stato maggiore della 42a divisione (Arcobaleno). Nei combattimenti sul fronte occidentale durante la prima guerra mondiale, salì al grado di generale di brigata, fu nuovamente nominato per la Medal of Honor e ricevette due volte la Distinguished Service Cross e sette volte la Silver Star. Dal 1919 al 1922, MacArthur prestò servizio come sovrintendente dell'Accademia militare degli Stati Uniti a West Point, dove tentò una serie di riforme. Il suo incarico successivo fu nelle Filippine, dove nel 1924 fu determinante nel reprimere l'ammutinamento degli scout filippini. Nel 1925 divenne il più giovane generale dell'esercito. Ha servito alla corte marziale del generale di brigata Billy Mitchell ed è stato presidente del Comitato olimpico americano durante le Olimpiadi estive del 1928 ad Amsterdam. Nel 1930 divenne capo di stato maggiore dell'esercito degli Stati Uniti. Come tale, fu coinvolto nell'espulsione dei manifestanti dell'Esercito Bonus da Washington, D.C., nel 1932, e nell'istituzione e organizzazione del Civilian Conservation Corps. Si ritirò dall'esercito degli Stati Uniti nel 1937 e divenne consigliere militare del governo del Commonwealth delle Filippine. MacArthur fu richiamato in servizio attivo nel 1941 come comandante delle forze armate degli Stati Uniti in Estremo Oriente. Seguì una serie di disastri, a partire dalla distruzione delle sue forze aeree l'8 dicembre 1941 e l'invasione giapponese delle Filippine. Le forze di MacArthur furono presto costrette a ritirarsi a Bataan, dove resistettero fino al maggio 1942. Nel marzo 1942, MacArthur, la sua famiglia e il suo staff lasciarono la vicina isola di Corregidor su barche PT e fuggirono in Australia, dove MacArthur divenne comandante supremo, nell'area del Pacifico sudoccidentale . Al suo arrivo, MacArthur ha tenuto un discorso in cui ha notoriamente promesso "Tornerò" nelle Filippine. Dopo più di due anni di combattimenti, ha mantenuto quella promessa. Per la sua difesa delle Filippine, MacArthur è stato insignito della Medal of Honor. Accettò ufficialmente la resa del Giappone il 2 settembre 1945 a bordo della USS Missouri, che era ancorata nella baia di Tokyo, e sovrintese all'occupazione del Giappone dal 1945 al 1951. In qualità di sovrano effettivo del Giappone, sovrintese a vasti settori economici, politici e sociali i cambiamenti. Ha guidato il comando delle Nazioni Unite nella guerra di Corea con successo iniziale; tuttavia, l'invasione della Corea del Nord provocò i cinesi, provocando una serie di grandi sconfitte. MacArthur fu controversamente rimosso dal comando dal presidente Harry S. Truman l'11 aprile 1951. In seguito divenne presidente del consiglio di amministrazione di Remington Rand. Morì a Washington D.C. il 5 aprile 1964 all'età di 84 anni.
Primi anni e istruzione
Un monello militare, Douglas MacArthur nacque il 26 gennaio 1880 a Little Rock Barracks, Little Rock, Arkansas, da Arthur MacArthur Jr., un capitano dell'esercito degli Stati Uniti, e da sua moglie, Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur (soprannominata "Pinky"). Arthur Jr. era figlio di un giurista e poliziotto scozzeseTitoli di articoli correlati
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