Chiesa cattolica
Article
May 16, 2022

La Chiesa cattolica, nota anche come Chiesa cattolica romana, è la più grande chiesa cristiana e la più grande denominazione religiosa, con circa 1,3 miliardi di cattolici battezzati in tutto il mondo a partire dal 2019. Essendo l'istituzione internazionale più antica e più grande del mondo ininterrottamente funzionante, ha svolto un ruolo di primo piano ruolo nella storia e nello sviluppo della civiltà occidentale. La chiesa è composta da 24 chiese particolari e quasi 3.500 diocesi ed eparchie in tutto il mondo. Il papa, che è il vescovo di Roma, è il pastore capo della chiesa. Il vescovado di Roma, noto come Santa Sede, è l'autorità centrale di governo della chiesa. L'organo amministrativo della Santa Sede, la Curia Romana, ha i suoi principali uffici nella Città del Vaticano, piccola enclave di Roma di cui il papa è capo di Stato. Le credenze fondamentali del cattolicesimo si trovano nel Credo di Nicea. La Chiesa cattolica insegna che è la Chiesa una, santa, cattolica e apostolica fondata da Gesù Cristo nel suo Grande Mandato, che i suoi vescovi sono i successori degli apostoli di Cristo, e che il papa è il successore di san Pietro, sul quale era il primato conferito da Gesù Cristo. Sostiene di praticare la fede cristiana originaria insegnata dagli apostoli, conservando la fede infallibilmente attraverso la Scrittura e la tradizione sacra come autenticamente interpretate attraverso il Magistero della Chiesa. La Chiesa latina, le ventitré Chiese cattoliche orientali e gli istituti come gli ordini mendicanti, gli ordini monastici di clausura e i terzi ordini riflettono una varietà di accenti teologici e spirituali nella chiesa. Dei suoi sette sacramenti, l'Eucaristia è il principale, celebrato liturgicamente nella Messa. La chiesa insegna che attraverso la consacrazione da parte di un sacerdote, il pane e il vino sacrificali diventano il corpo e il sangue di Cristo. La Vergine Maria è venerata come Vergine Perpetua, Madre di Dio e Regina del Cielo; è onorata nei dogmi e nelle devozioni. L'insegnamento sociale cattolico pone l'accento sul sostegno volontario ai malati, ai poveri e agli afflitti attraverso le opere di misericordia corporale e spirituale. La Chiesa cattolica gestisce migliaia di scuole cattoliche, ospedali e orfanotrofi in tutto il mondo ed è il più grande fornitore non governativo di istruzione e assistenza sanitaria nel mondo. Tra i suoi altri servizi sociali ci sono numerose organizzazioni di beneficenza e umanitarie. La Chiesa cattolica ha influenzato la filosofia, la cultura, l'arte, la musica e la scienza occidentali. I cattolici in tutto il mondo vivono di missioni, diaspora e conversioni. Dal XX secolo la maggioranza risiede nell'emisfero meridionale, a causa della secolarizzazione in Europa e dell'aumento delle persecuzioni in Medio Oriente. La Chiesa cattolica ha condiviso la comunione con la Chiesa ortodossa orientale fino allo scisma d'Oriente-Occidente nel 1054, contestando in particolare l'autorità del papa. Prima del Concilio di Efeso nel 431 d.C., anche la Chiesa d'Oriente condivideva questa comunione, così come le chiese ortodosse orientali prima del Concilio di Calcedonia nel 451 d.C.; tutti separati principalmente per le differenze di cristologia. Nel XVI secolo, la Riforma portò anche alla rottura del protestantesimo. Dalla fine del XX secolo, la Chiesa cattolica è stata criticata per i suoi insegnamenti sulla sessualità, la sua incapacità di ordinare donne e la sua gestione dei casi di abuso sessuale che coinvolgono il clero.
Nome
Cattolico (dal greco: καθολικός, romanizzato: katholikos, lett. 'universale') fu usato per la prima volta per descrivere la chiesa all'inizio del II secolo. Il primo uso noto della frase "la chiesa cattolica" (in greco: καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, romanizzato: he katholike ekklesia) si è verificato nella lettera scritta intorno al 110 d.C. da Sant'Ignazio di Antiochia agli Smirnei. Nelle lezioni catechetiche (c. 350) di san Cirillo di Gerusalemme, il nome "Chiesa cattolica" è stato usato per distinguerla da altri gruppi che si chiamavano anche "la chiesa". La nozione "cattolica" è stata ulteriormente sottolineata nell'editto De fiTitoli di articoli correlati
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