Birmingham
Article
June 30, 2022

Birmingham ( (ascolta) BUR-ming-əm) è una città e un distretto metropolitano delle Midlands Occidentali, in Inghilterra. È la seconda città, area urbana e area metropolitana dell'Inghilterra e del Regno Unito, con circa 1,1 milioni di abitanti nell'area urbana, 2,9 milioni di abitanti nell'area urbana e 3,6 milioni di abitanti nell'area metropolitana. La città vera e propria è il distretto del governo locale inglese più popolato. Birmingham è comunemente indicata come la "seconda città del Regno Unito". Situata nella contea e nella regione delle West Midlands in Inghilterra, a circa 100 miglia (160 km) dal centro di Londra, Birmingham, come una delle principali città del Regno Unito, è considerato il centro sociale, culturale, finanziario e commerciale delle Midlands. In particolare, Birmingham ha solo piccoli fiumi che la attraversano, principalmente il fiume Tame e i suoi affluenti River Rea e River Cole - uno dei fiumi principali più vicini è il Severn, a circa 20 miglia (32 km) a ovest del centro della città. Storicamente una città mercato nel Warwickshire nel periodo medievale. Birmingham crebbe durante il XVIII secolo durante l'Illuminismo delle Midlands e durante la Rivoluzione industriale, che vide progressi nella scienza, nella tecnologia e nello sviluppo economico, producendo una serie di innovazioni che gettarono molte delle basi della moderna società industriale. Nel 1791 fu salutata come "la prima città manifatturiera del mondo". Il caratteristico profilo economico di Birmingham, con migliaia di piccoli laboratori che praticano un'ampia varietà di mestieri specializzati e altamente qualificati, ha incoraggiato livelli eccezionali di creatività e innovazione e ha fornito una base economica per la prosperità che sarebbe durata fino all'ultimo quarto del XX secolo. Il motore a vapore Watt è stato inventato a Birmingham. L'alto livello di mobilità sociale che ne è derivato ha anche favorito una cultura del radicalismo politico che, sotto i leader da Thomas Attwood a Joseph Chamberlain, gli avrebbe conferito un'influenza politica senza pari in Gran Bretagna al di fuori di Londra, e un ruolo fondamentale ruolo nello sviluppo della democrazia britannica. Dall'estate del 1940 alla primavera del 1943, Birmingham fu pesantemente bombardata dalla Luftwaffe tedesca in quello che è noto come il Birmingham Blitz. I danni arrecati alle infrastrutture della città, oltre a una deliberata politica di demolizione e nuova costruzione da parte dei progettisti, hanno portato a un'ampia rigenerazione urbana nei decenni successivi. L'economia di Birmingham è ora dominata dal settore dei servizi. La città è un importante centro commerciale internazionale e un importante centro di trasporti, vendita al dettaglio, eventi e conferenze. La sua economia metropolitana è la seconda più grande del Regno Unito con un PIL di $ 121,1 miliardi (2014), e le sue cinque università lo rendono il più grande centro di istruzione superiore nel paese al di fuori di Londra. Le principali istituzioni culturali di Birmingham - la City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, il Birmingham Royal Ballet, il Birmingham Repertory Theatre, la Biblioteca di Birmingham e il Barber Institute of Fine Arts - godono di una reputazione internazionale e la città ha una vibrante e influente arte di base, musica, scene letterarie e culinarie. La città ospiterà i Giochi del Commonwealth del 2022. Birmingham è la quarta città più visitata nel Regno Unito da persone provenienti da nazioni straniere.
Etimologia
Il nome Birmingham deriva dall'antico inglese Beormingahām, che significa casa o insediamento dei Beorminga, una tribù o clan il cui nome significa letteralmente "popolo di Beorma" e che potrebbe aver formato una delle prime unità dell'amministrazione anglosassone. Beorma, da cui prende il nome la tribù, avrebbe potuto essere il suo capo al tempo dell'insediamento anglosassone, un antenato comune o una mitica figura tribale. I toponimi che terminano in -ingahām sono caratteristici degli insediamenti primari stabiliti durante le prime fasi della colonizzazione anglosassone di un'area, suggerendo che Birmingham esistesse probabilmente al più tardi all'inizio del VII secolo. Insediamenti circostanti con nomi che terminano in -tūnTitoli di articoli correlati
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Kings Heath
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Briggs, Asa
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Міста-побратими м. Запоріжжя (Twin Cities Zaporizhzhia). City of Zaporizhzhia (in Ukrainian)
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Briggs, Asa
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ISBN
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ISBN