Unione americana per le libertà civili
Article
August 15, 2022

L'American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) è un'organizzazione senza scopo di lucro fondata nel 1920 "per difendere e preservare i diritti e le libertà individuali garantiti ad ogni persona in questo paese dalla Costituzione e dalle leggi degli Stati Uniti". L'ACLU opera attraverso contenziosi e lobbying e ha oltre 1.200.000 membri e un budget annuale di oltre $ 300 milioni. Gli affiliati locali dell'ACLU sono attivi in tutti i 50 stati, nel Distretto di Columbia ea Porto Rico. L'ACLU fornisce assistenza legale nei casi in cui ritenga a rischio le libertà civili. Il supporto legale dell'ACLU può assumere la forma di rappresentanza legale diretta o preparazione di memorie amicus curiae che esprimono argomentazioni legali quando un altro studio legale sta già fornendo rappresentanza. Oltre a rappresentare persone e organizzazioni in cause legali, l'ACLU fa pressioni per posizioni politiche stabilite dal suo consiglio di amministrazione. Le posizioni attuali dell'ACLU includono l'opposizione alla pena di morte; sostenere il matrimonio tra persone dello stesso sesso e il diritto delle persone LGBT di adottare; sostenere i diritti riproduttivi come il controllo delle nascite e il diritto all'aborto; eliminare la discriminazione contro le donne, le minoranze e le persone LGBT; decarcerazione negli Stati Uniti; sostenere i diritti dei prigionieri e opporsi alla tortura; e sostenere la separazione tra chiesa e stato opponendosi alla preferenza del governo per la religione rispetto alla non religione o per fedi particolari rispetto ad altre. Legalmente, l'ACLU consiste di due organizzazioni non profit separate ma strettamente affiliate, vale a dire l'American Civil Liberties Union, un gruppo di assistenza sociale 501 (c) (4); e la Fondazione ACLU, un ente di beneficenza pubblico 501 (c) (3). Entrambe le organizzazioni si impegnano in controversie sui diritti civili, difesa e istruzione, ma solo le donazioni alla fondazione 501 (c) (3) sono deducibili dalle tasse e solo il gruppo 501 (c) (4) può impegnarsi in attività di lobby politica illimitata. Le due organizzazioni condividono spazi per uffici e dipendenti.
Panoramica
L'ACLU è stata fondata nel 1920 da un comitato che comprendeva Helen Keller, Roger Nash Baldwin, Crystal Eastman, Walter Nelles, Morris Ernst, Albert DeSilver, Arthur Garfield Hays, Jane Addams, Felix Frankfurter, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn e Rose Schneiderman. Il suo focus era sulla libertà di parola, principalmente per i manifestanti contro la guerra. È stata fondata in risposta alle controverse incursioni di Palmer, che hanno visto migliaia di radicali arrestati per questioni che violavano la loro perquisizione costituzionale e la protezione dei sequestri. Durante gli anni '20, l'ACLU ha ampliato il suo campo di applicazione per includere la protezione dei diritti di libertà di parola degli artisti e dei lavoratori in sciopero e lavorare con l'Associazione nazionale per l'avanzamento delle persone di colore (NAACP) per mitigare la discriminazione. Durante gli anni '30, l'ACLU iniziò a impegnarsi nella lotta contro la cattiva condotta della polizia e nel sostenere i diritti dei nativi americani. Molti dei casi dell'ACLU riguardavano la difesa di membri del Partito Comunista e dei Testimoni di Geova. Nel 1940, la leadership dell'ACLU ha votato per escludere i comunisti dalle sue posizioni di leadership, una decisione revocata nel 1968. Durante la seconda guerra mondiale, l'ACLU ha difeso i cittadini nippo-americani, cercando senza successo di impedire il loro trasferimento forzato nei campi di internamento. Durante la Guerra Fredda, la sede dell'ACLU era dominata dagli anticomunisti, ma molti affiliati locali difendevano i membri del Partito Comunista. Nel 1964, i membri erano saliti a 80.000 e l'ACLU partecipò agli sforzi per espandere le libertà civili. Negli anni '60, l'ACLU ha continuato il suo sforzo decennale per imporre la separazione tra chiesa e stato. Ha difeso diversi attivisti contro la guerra durante la guerra del Vietnam. L'ACLU è stata coinvolta nel caso Miranda, che ha affrontato il comportamento della polizia durante gli interrogatori, e nel caso del New York Times, che ha stabilito nuove protezioni per i giornali che riportano le attività del governo. Negli anni '70 e '80, l'ACLU si avventurò in nuove aree legali, coinvolgendo i diritti degli omosessuali, degli studenti, dei prigionieri e dei poveri. Nel ventunesimo secolo, l'ACLU ha combattutoTitoli di articoli correlati
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American Civil Rights Union
Australian Civil Liberties Union
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National Civil Liberties Bureau
Helen Keller
Jeannette Rankin
Roger Nash Baldwin
Crystal Eastman
Walter Nelles
Morris Ernst
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Arthur Garfield Hays
Jane Addams
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Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
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Kent State shootings
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Irreversible Damage
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In re Marriage Cases
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Institute for Justice
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David Weigel
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Associated Press
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Wayback Machine
Wayback Machine
Fox News
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Wayback Machine
268
U.S.
Nathan Ross Margold
Hayden C. Covington
ISBN
Speiser v. Randall
Corliss Lamont
Ira Glasser
Aryeh Neier
ISBN
ISBN
JSTOR
Center for Reproductive Rights
JSTOR
Doe v. Bolton
Wayback Machine
Wayback Machine
Time
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American Antiquarian Society
McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education
PBS
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Wayback Machine
Wayback Machine
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Respect for America's Fallen Heroes Act
The New York Times
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CBS News
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ISBN
Donohue, William
ISBN
Kaminer, Wendy
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
Walter P. Reuther Library
Walter P. Reuther Library