Alleati della seconda guerra mondiale
Article
January 30, 2023

Gli Alleati, in seguito conosciuti formalmente come Nazioni Unite, erano una coalizione militare internazionale formatasi durante la seconda guerra mondiale (1939-1945) per opporsi alle potenze dell'Asse, guidate dalla Germania nazista, dall'Impero del Giappone e dall'Italia fascista. I suoi membri principali nel 1941 erano il Regno Unito, gli Stati Uniti, l'Unione Sovietica e la Cina. L'appartenenza agli Alleati variava nel corso della guerra. Quando il conflitto scoppiò il 1 settembre 1939, la coalizione alleata era composta da Polonia, Regno Unito e Francia, nonché dalle rispettive dipendenze, come l'India britannica. Furono presto raggiunti dai Domini indipendenti del Commonwealth britannico: Canada, Australia, Nuova Zelanda e Sud Africa. Di conseguenza, l'alleanza iniziale somigliava in gran parte a quella della prima guerra mondiale. Quando le forze dell'Asse iniziarono a invadere l'Europa settentrionale e i Balcani, gli Alleati aggiunsero Paesi Bassi, Belgio, Norvegia, Grecia e Jugoslavia. L'Unione Sovietica, che aveva un patto di non aggressione con la Germania e si unì alla sua invasione della Polonia, divenne un membro alleato nel giugno 1941 dopo essere stata attaccata dall'Asse. Gli Stati Uniti, pur fornendo supporto materiale agli alleati europei nel settembre 1940, lo schema "Lend-Lease" non iniziò fino a marzo 1941, tuttavia, gli Stati Uniti rimasero formalmente neutrali fino al bombardamento giapponese di Pearl Harbor nel dicembre 1941, dopo di che dichiarò guerra e si unì ufficialmente agli alleati europei. La Cina era già in guerra con il Giappone dal 1937, ma si unì formalmente agli Alleati nel dicembre 1941. Gli Alleati erano guidati dai cosiddetti "Tre Grandi" - Regno Unito, Unione Sovietica e Stati Uniti - che erano i principali contributori di manodopera, risorse e strategia, ognuno dei quali giocava un ruolo chiave nel raggiungimento della vittoria. Una serie di conferenze tra leader, diplomatici e ufficiali militari alleati ha modellato gradualmente la struttura dell'alleanza, la direzione della guerra e, infine, l'ordine internazionale del dopoguerra. Le relazioni tra il Regno Unito e gli Stati Uniti erano particolarmente strette, con la loro Carta atlantica bilaterale che costituiva il fondamento dell'alleanza. Gli Alleati divennero un gruppo formalizzato sulla Dichiarazione delle Nazioni Unite il 1 gennaio 1942, che fu firmata da 26 nazioni in tutto il mondo; questi andavano da potenze minori lontane dalla guerra, a governi esiliati dall'occupazione dell'Asse. La Dichiarazione ha ufficialmente riconosciuto i Tre Grandi e la Cina come le "Quattro Potenze", in riconoscimento del loro ruolo centrale nel perseguire la guerra; furono anche indicati come "l'amministrazione fiduciaria dei potenti" e in seguito come i "Quattro poliziotti" delle Nazioni Unite. Molti altri paesi si unirono il giorno seguente e durante gli ultimi giorni della guerra, comprese le colonie e le ex nazioni dell'Asse. Dopo la fine della guerra, gli Alleati, e la Dichiarazione che li legava, sarebbero diventati la base delle moderne Nazioni Unite; un'eredità duratura dell'alleanza sono i membri permanenti del Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite, che è composto esclusivamente dalle principali potenze alleate che hanno vinto la guerra.
Origini
Gli alleati vittoriosi della prima guerra mondiale, che includevano quelle che sarebbero diventate le potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, avevano imposto condizioni dure alle potenze centrali opposte nella conferenza di pace di Parigi del 1919-1920. La Germania si è risentita per aver firmato il Trattato di Versailles, che richiedeva che si assumesse la piena responsabilità della guerra, una porzione significativa del territorio, e pagasse costose riparazioni, tra le altre sanzioni. La Repubblica di Weimar, che si è formata alla fine della guerra e successivamente ha negoziato il trattato, ha visto la sua legittimità scossa, in particolare quando ha lottato per governare un'economia molto indebolita e una popolazione umiliata. Il crollo di Wall Street del 1929 e la conseguente Grande Depressione portarono a disordini politici in tutta Europa, specialmente in Germania, dove i nazionalisti revanscisti attribuirono la gravità della crisi economica al Trattato di Versailles. Il partito nazista di estrema destra guidato da Adolf Hitler, formatosi poco dopoTitoli di articoli correlati
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